According to studies, how does stress relate to the immune system?

Stress has a well-documented negative impact on the immune system, as supported by numerous studies. When an individual experiences stress, the body releases stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline. While these hormones can be beneficial in short bursts (e.g., during a fight-or-flight response), prolonged stress leads to consistently elevated levels of these hormones, which can suppress the immune system's function.

Chronic stress can inhibit the production and activity of important immune cells, such as lymphocytes and other white blood cells that are essential for fighting infections and disease. This suppression can make individuals more susceptible to illnesses, as their bodies are less equipped to respond effectively to pathogens. Consequently, stress serves not just as a trigger for existing health issues but also diminishes the body's overall ability to maintain health through its immune responses.

The other options do not accurately reflect the established relationship between stress and immunity. Stress does not cause illness directly without considering its impact on the immune system, does not enhance immune function, and certainly does have an effect on the immune system – indicating that the concern regarding stress and health is significant.